Re: Do you have any advice for up-and-coming programmers?

I emphatically agree that programmers should have familiarity with multiple languages. I think to some extent this is a failure of the various languages. However, to some extent, things such as assembly code, compiled and interpreted languages differ (to some extent) of necessity. There are many ways to combine things and each language presents a living example of differing philosophies as to how to combine things, which things belong at the same level of abstraction, etc.

I know a lot of programming languages and there is not, to my knowledge any one language that will allow a programmer to learn all of that which he should know.

I find the fact that Java, C, C++, PHP and Basic are not mentioned a little strange. According to the TIOBE Programming Community index, these account for about two thirds of languages by popularity. Hopefully it is just assumed that their mainstream nature makes them already known by everyone.

Re: Don't believe anyone who says that we have reached the end of the evolution of programming languages.

I also strongly agree with this. However, it appears as if things have stagnated a little. New languages appear even more often now than ever, it seems. However, their 'newness' is not that 'new'. I feel we have wandered from the path of pursuing this properly. The hardware, the operating system kernel, operating system services (especially user I/O) and applications are all related to the language used with them. Once upon a time, C was invented as a portable language and used to code the operating system upon which it ran. The common 'hello world' application *assumes* user I/O, but an ancient one. Languages such as Java have left their hardware behind.

What I would like to see is a proper general purpose language that is very small, allows complete control down to emitting binary data or assembly code and whose standard libraries:

1) Do not confuse language constructs with library constructs

2) Actually deal with realistic expectations:
a) GUI interfaces
b) Network I/O
c) Resources such as threads and memory

3) Allows mandatory declaration and manual management, as well as automatic declaration and management. Low-level programming against silicon should not be confounded by nonsense such as garbage collection and variable manipulation in shell scripts should not be confounded by mandatory declarations and manual memory management.

I don't think there is any fundamental disjoint between using a language for fine-grained control of hardware and the same language for very high-level constructs or broad generic programming. What I see are what look like religious arguments between adherents of one type of programming over another. I see no reason why a language compiler should disallow very detailed specification of a programmer's intentions so that it can resolve that which is resolvable at compile time right then and there and do whatever optimizations that could entail. I also see no reason why a compiler should disallow a programmer leaving it up to the compiler as to whether or not it should compile and optimize at build time, at load time, or at run time. None are mutually exclusive. There is no fundamental reason why the same code can not be interpreted at run time if so desired or compiled at build time.

Demanding run-time resolution of things like typing and garbage collection, just increases the world's carbon foot-print for no reason. Demanding that everything resolve at compile/build (or even demanding an advance compile/build) just makes programming tedious for no reason.

The design of a small, elegant, general purpose language that does the above and the tools to design and build programs written in that language is evidently a difficult job. However, that job, by being at the base of a very large pyramid of derived work can be extraordinarily difficult and still pay off.

Though I lack the wit (thus far) to design such a language and build the tool-chains necessary to implement it, I have a feeling that in the 21st century it is not as difficult a task as it once seemed.

With respect to using your general purpose language for low-level programming, I would suggest that a powerful macro system could be used to define the emission of binary data using a custom assembly language defined in the macro system. That would allow rather rapid bootstrapping to new hardware and allow even application programmers coming late to the game to program directly against hardware if and when needed.

We really need a revolution where chip designers, motherboard manufacturers, component designers, operating systems developers, network designers and application developers speak the same language. Libraries and paradigms might differ and most people would never be able to cover the gamut of the different types of development. However, I seen no reason why the basic underlying language could not be rationalized. Arguably, at some level, it is rationalized at the level of machine code. I think we can do better than that.