What are you proudest of in terms of the language's initial development and continuing use?

I'm proud that C++ has been used for so many applications that have helped make the world a better place. Through C++, I have made a tiny contribution to the human genome project, to high energy physics (C++ is used at CERN, Fermilab, SLAC, etc.), space exploration, wind energy, etc. You can find a short list of C++ applications on my home pages. I'm always happy when I hear of the language being put to good use.

Secondly, I'm proud that C++ has helped improve the level of quality of code in general - not just in C++. Newer languages, such as Java and C#, have been used with techniques that C++ made acceptable for real-world use and compared to code 20 years ago many of the systems we rely on today are unbelievably reliable and have been built with a reasonable degree of economy. Obviously, we can and should do better, but we can take a measure of pride in the progress we have made so far.

In terms of direct personal contribution, I was pleased to be able to write the first C++ compiler, Cfront, to be able to compile real-world programs in 1MB on a 1MHz machine. That is of course unbelievably small by today's standard, but that is what it took to get higher-level programming started on the early PCs. Cfront was written in C with Classes and then transcribed into (early) C++.

Where do you see computer programming languages heading in the near future?

"It is hard to make predictions, especially about the future." Obviously, I don't really know, but I hope that we'll see general-purpose programming languages with better abstraction mechanisms, better type safety, and better facilities for exploiting concurrency. I expect C++ to be one of those. There will also be bloated corporate infrastructures and languages; there will be special purpose (domain specific) languages galore, and there will be languages as we know them today persisting essentially unchanged in niches. Note that I'm assuming significant evolution of C++ beyond C++0x. I think that the C++ community is far too large and vigorous for the language and its standard library to become essentially static.

Do you have any advice for up-and-coming programmers?

Know the foundations of computer science: algorithms, machine architectures, data structures, etc. Don't just blindly copy techniques from application to application. Know what you are doing, that it works, and why it works. Don't think you know what the industry will be in five years time or what you'll be doing then, so gather a portfolio of general and useful skills. Try to write better, more principled code. Work to make "programming" more of a professional activity and less of a low-level "hacking" activity (programming is also a craft, but not just a craft). Learn from the classics in the field and the better advanced textbooks; don't be satisfied with the easily digested "how to" guides and online documentation - it's shallow.

There's a section of your homepage devoted to 'Did you really say that?' Which quote from this has come back to haunt you the most?

I don't feel haunted. I posted those quotes because people keep asking me about them, so I felt I had better state them clearly. "C++ makes it harder to shoot yourself in the foot; but when you do, it takes off the whole leg" is sometimes quoted in a manner hostile to C++. That just shows immaturity. Every powerful tool can cause trouble if you misuse it and you have to be more careful with a powerful tool than with a less powerful one: You can do more harm (to yourself or others) with a car than with a bicycle, with a power saw than with a hand saw, etc. What I said in that quote is also true for other modern languages; for example, it is trivial to cause memory exhaustion in a Java program. Modern languages are power tools. That's a reason to treat them with respect and for programmers to approach their tasks with a professional attitude. It is not a reason to avoid them, because the low-level alternatives are worse still.

Time for an obligatory question about garbage collection, as we're almost at the end, and you seem to get questions about this all the time. Why do you think people are so interested in this aspect of the language?

Because resource management is a most important topic, because some people (wrongly) see GC as a sure sign of sloppy and wasteful programming, and because some people (wrongly) see GC as the one feature that distinguishes good languages from inferior ones. My basic view is that GC can be a very useful tool, but that it is neither essential nor appropriate for all programs, so that GC should be something that you can optionally use in C++. C++0x reflects that view.

My view of GC differs from that of many in that I see it as a last resort of resource management, not the first, and that I see it as one tool among many for system design rather than a fundamental tool for simplifying programming.